Nickel Carbonate, Basic Hydrate: Properties, Applications, and Safety

Nickel carbonate, basic hydrate — commonly referred to as basic nickel carbonate — is an inorganic compound containing nickel in its +2 oxidation state, along with carbonate and hydroxide ions, and water of hydration. It is typically used as an intermediate in nickel refining, as a precursor to other nickel compounds, and in various industrial applications due to its stability and reactivity.

Chemical Identity

• Common Name: Basic nickel carbonate

• Chemical Formula: Approx. NiCO₃·2Ni(OH)₂·xH₂O

• Molecular Weight: Varies depending on hydration level

• Appearance: Pale green fine powder

• Solubility: Insoluble in water; reacts with acids

• Stability: Stable under normal conditions; decomposes when heated

Basic nickel carbonate is not a single defined compound, but a family of related basic salts where carbonate and hydroxide anions are coordinated to nickel(II) ions, often in hydrated forms.

Key Applications

1. Precursor in Nickel Compound Production:
Basic nickel carbonate is a starting material for producing other nickel salts such as nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, and nickel oxide. These compounds are used in electroplating, catalysts, and battery materials.

2. Catalyst and Catalyst Support:
It serves as a precursor to catalysts in hydrogenation, reforming, and other industrial chemical processes. Upon calcination, it forms nickel oxide (NiO), which is catalytically active.

3. Ceramics and Pigments:
In ceramic manufacturing, it is used as a coloring agent to impart green shades to glazes. It is also used in glass coloration and enamel formulations.

4. Battery Industry:
Nickel carbonate is employed in the production of nickel-based battery materials, including electrodes for nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries.

5. Electroplating:
Used as a source of nickel ions for electroplating solutions, where it provides corrosion resistance and a decorative finish to metals.

Thermal Behavior

When heated, basic nickel carbonate decomposes into nickel oxide (NiO), water vapor, and carbon dioxide:

NiCO3⋅2Ni(OH)2⋅xH2O→heat3NiO+CO2↑+(x+2)H2O↑NiCO₃·2Ni(OH)₂·xH₂O xrightarrow{heat} 3NiO + CO₂↑ + (x+2)H₂O↑NiCO3​⋅2Ni(OH)2​⋅xH2​Oheat​3NiO+CO2​↑+(x+2)H2​O↑

This property makes it a convenient route to thermally stable nickel oxide.

Safety and Handling

Nickel compounds, including basic nickel carbonate, must be handled with caution:

• Toxicity: Considered toxic if inhaled or ingested; classified as a carcinogen and respiratory sensitizer.

• Skin Contact: May cause skin sensitization or allergic reactions.

• Eye Contact: Can cause irritation.

• Inhalation: Fine dust may cause respiratory tract irritation and long-term exposure risks.

Precautions:

• Always wear gloves, lab coat, and eye protection.

• Use in well-ventilated areas or under a fume hood.

• Avoid generating and inhaling dust.

• Store in tightly closed containers in a dry, cool place.

Environmental Considerations

Nickel compounds are regulated due to their persistence and potential toxicity to aquatic life. Waste disposal should follow local hazardous waste guidelines. Avoid releasing nickel carbonate into waterways or soil.

Conclusion

Basic nickel carbonate is a versatile industrial chemical used in the synthesis of nickel-based compounds, catalysts, ceramics, and battery components. Its stable, solid form makes it suitable for controlled processing, particularly where transformation to nickel oxide is needed. However, due to its toxicity and environmental concerns, careful handling and responsible use are essential.

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